A dog presents with nonregenerative anemia and microcytosis. Which are three possible causes and initial diagnostic steps?

• A. Iron deficiency anemia; anemia of chronic disease; bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia). Initial steps: reticulocyte count, CBC indices, ferritin/iron panel, inflammatory markers, and consider bone marrow evaluation if indicated.
• B. Immune-mediated anemia; vitamin B12 deficiency; copper deficiency. Steps: Coombs test, serum B12 measurement, and hepatic copper panel.
• C. Acute blood loss; Vitamin E deficiency; Thyroid deficiency. Steps: CBC, coag panel, and imaging.
• D. Dehydration; polycythemia; liver disease. Steps: hydration status and LFTs.

Answer: (A)